On Earth smoke 1.1 billion people, which make up more than a sixth of the world's population. Half years smokers die from diseases caused by Smoking: a similar death in the world occurs every 8 minutes (which means that each year Smoking kills about 5 million people). If the popularity of the area will be maintained at the same level throughout the 21st century, then this habit will kill about 1 billion people.
Daily Smoking begin 80-100 thousand minors. Globally, Smoking one in five adolescents aged 13-15 years. 8 out of every 10 adolescents who had experienced Smoking area, unable to abandon this habit. Globally, adolescents annually spend on cigarettes to $400 million
Most smokers regions of the world in 2000 (the latest assessment of the global situation) was Europe (smoked 46% of men and 26% women), Asia-Pacific (respectively, 60% and 8%) and Southeast Asia (44% and 4%). More cigarettes you smoke, the people of China, USA, Japan, Russia and Indonesia.
Every year decreasing the age of the people who first tried a cigarette. In many countries, adolescents begin to smoke at the age of 15. Globally, Smoking is most prevalent among young people. Thus, in Africa, more than half of smokers is not reached 35 years of age. In France and Spain to smoke up to 40% of young people 18-24 years.
The average smoker smokes 15 cigarettes a day. And the residents of the industrialized countries and post-Soviet States smoke more all - about 18 cigarettes a day. People in developing countries - 14 of cigarettes.
In a typical cigarette contains 8-9 milligrams of nicotine in a cigar - 100-200 milligrams. Five cigarettes contained an amount of nicotine sufficient to kill a man. However, with each smoked a cigarette smoker really gets 1-2 milligrams, the rest of the nicotine is burned or left in the butt. Cigarettes and other toxic substances, such as arsenic, polonium and hydrocyanic acid. Tobacco smoke contains more than 50 chemical components, 11 of which are known as dangerous carcinogens.
Over the last decade in the United States, tobacco companies spent annually on advertising $10-14 billion In 2005 (then spent $13.11 billion) it was about $200 for each smoker, approximately $0.4 per each sold a pack of cigarettes and about $36 million a day.
In 2000, the world Bank published a study about the effect on the popularity of the area-total ban on tobacco advertising (analysed the situation in 102 countries). The main conclusion is that the prohibition of advertising reduces the number of smokers by 8%.
In most countries it is believed that the best way of reducing Smoking - raising the price of cigarettes. According to the portal Tobacco.org if the price of cigarettes increases by 10%, approximately 3% of adult smokers begin to attempt to get rid of this habit and 3-10% fewer people starting to smoke.
According to the University Longwood, every year trillions of filters from cigarettes are ejected and, in most cases, not recycled. So the filter was disposed of by natural means requires from 1.5 to 10 years. Another problem is that the filters are saturated with toxic combustion products of tobacco.
Public organization Ocean Conservancy is an annual international campaign in which hundreds of thousands of volunteers collect garbage that has accumulated on the ocean and sea coasts, rivers, etc. In 2004, cigarette butts, empty cigarette packs and other tobacco products amounted to more than 21% of the waste collected by the volunteers.
FOREST is one of the few remaining organizations in the world, uniting supporters area, as follows commented on a global campaign to combat Smoking: "the Absurdity of this company illustrates the story of the film in the James bond movie Die another day, but not now." In the film, while in Cuba, the super-agent smokes a cigar. This episode sparked violent protests in the fight against Smoking. However, they did not the slightest claim to the fact that the bond has sex without using condoms; insanely fast drives a car, shamelessly violating the rules of the road; at the first opportunity uses alcohol and carries a loaded firearm, obviously preparing to commit murder".
Three millennia tobacco
We offer a list of events that took precedent value for the history of the relationship of tobacco and human civilization. This list is incomplete a priori and does not include, for example, a number of facts that do not yet have clear explanations. Thus, the study of the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses the Second showed that he used tobacco and cocaine - both of these products are of American origin and were not known in the Old World before Columbus ' voyage.
About 1 thousand years B.C. the Indians began to attempt tobacco use - it was chewed, smoked or injected with enemas (still in a similar way it is used by the Indian tribe aguaruna living in Peru).
600 - 1 thousand years B.C. the First image area. A pottery fragment with the corresponding picture found in the Mayan city Uaxactun (modern Guatemala). Maya smoked cigars.
1492. Tobacco was first seen by Europeans. The Indians gave the Navigator Christopher Columbus a bunch of dried tobacco leaves. Columbus did not understand their purpose and thrown overboard. A year later, friar Ramon Pane, participated in the expedition of Columbus, was a detailed description of how the Indians used tobacco. In fact, the Ban was the man who brought the custom of Smoking in Europe. Interestingly, thanks to Columbus, on the world map first appeared in "tobacco" name - the island of Tobago (this word the Indians used to represent pipes).
1501. The first victim of the anti-Smoking campaign: the Spaniard, Roderigo de Perez (member of the expedition of Columbus) was sentenced by the Inquisition to prison for Smoking - the Spaniards were amazed at how he blew out smoke from his mouth, and decided that a sailor captured Unclean. After three decades in Spain handmade cigars have become extremely popular among members of the lower classes and began its triumphal March across Europe.
1531 year. Europeans began to cultivate tobacco: the first tobacco plantation was laid by the Spaniards on the island of Santo Domingo.
1548 year. Tobacco became an export commodity. In Brazil, the Portuguese began to cultivate tobacco solely for export abroad.
1560. The French Ambassador to Portugal, Jean nicot de Willeman first began to promote tobacco in a higher world (in his honor was named the alkaloid nicotine). The Ambassador was first brought to France tobacco seeds and made fashionable snuff. He also argued that tobacco can be used as a drug. Subsequently, it was assumed that tobacco helps with colic, nephritis, hysteria, dysentery, toothache and headache, cancer and other ailments. In 1587 in the Netherlands was first published book on this subject is indicative called "Herbal Remedy". In subsequent decades, doctors in Europe started to write tobacco patients as medicine. It is significant that in 1603, a team of British doctors appealed to the king, demanding to ban tobacco use without a prescription (the king refused), and in 1635 the king of France has enacted such a ban.
1575 year. First Church of the anti-tobacco campaign: the Catholic Church banned Smoking in all places where it is happening prayer (this ban was only on Spanish colonies).
1610. In England invented the first machine for the sale of tobacco. The buyer had to put a coin (penny) into the slot, after which the box was opened, and the buyer could get a portion of tobacco sufficient for stuffing one tube.
Around the same time in Japan, China, Russia and Turkey have banned the cultivation and use of tobacco. In Russia tobacco regained legal status in 1689. American historian Robert Massie, author of "Peter the Great", indicates that the reason for this were the actions of Peter the Great, during his stay in England, his "Great Embassy" was spread pretty thin. At this moment the king asked the representatives of the Anglo-Virginia company, a seller of American tobacco - they offered Peter a considerable amount of money in exchange for the lifting of the ban and permission to trade in Russia. Peter himself persistent smoker - money received and on its own initiative, began the campaign to promote tobacco: this habit he considered "European".
1614 year. States began to form a special tobacco policy. The first state-owned tobacco monopoly was established in England. In Spain, king Philip the Third used a similar scheme: all tobacco produced in the Spanish colonies, was supposed to go to Seville, where it was made cigars, which were sold to the world market. "Golden age" of tobacco monopolies and various state-owned enterprises for the production and sale of tobacco ended in the early 1990's. However, now such structures to control 40% of world tobacco production is the largest tobacco monopoly (the group of state-owned companies) exists in China.
1620. In Seville built the world's first factory for the processing of tobacco. Before tobacco was placed anywhere - factory in Seville was originally designed as tobacco. Soon it became the largest company of this kind. This factory became a part of world culture: the action of the novel by prosper Merimee (first published in 1845) and based on it, the Opera of Georges Bizet's "Carmen" (the first performance took place in 1875) took place in Seville - Carmen, in the company of many beauties, made cigars at the factory.
1620-ies. The era of cigarettes. European poor people collected the cigarette butts of cigars, crushed them, and rolled in thin paper for resale - the finished product was called "papelito" (long before the Indians wrapped tobacco in leaves of maize). However, cigarettes have become popular only in the 1830-ies, in the invention, according to legend, the perfect Egyptian gunners: once during the siege of the Turkish fortress of Acre was broken by a common pipe (hookah), the soldiers began to smoke cigarettes. Europeans became acquainted with cigarettes during the Crimean war, where the Turks (smoked cigarettes) were allies of the British, French and Piedmontese (modern Italy).
1624 year. The first act of the struggle with snuff. Pope urban the Eighth threatened lovers snuff by excommunication from the Church: according to him, the ecstasy experienced when nochange tobacco, was too close to sex. Two years later, the Greek Orthodox Church went on the same step in relation to the area: this time the ban was otherwise justified in the opinion of the clergy, Noah lost consciousness just after tobacco use (this history and its consequences are described in the Bible).
1636. In Spain created the world's first tobacco company Tabacalera (she was a state monopoly).
1640-ies. In the Kingdom of Bhutan for the first time, Smoking is prohibited in public buildings. This type of prohibition in the 20th century has become very popular in the world.
The mid-17th century. First begin to smoke women - first in Spain, then in France (publicly smoked only Parisian prostitutes). Subsequently, the woman and tobacco have long been considered to be incompatible things. Until the early 20th century woman Smoking in public was a sign of vulgarity and low social status. Although there were exceptions to this rule: so publicly smoked cigars famous French writer George sand.
The situation changed after the First World war, many women had replaced men in factories and became addicted to Smoking. However, until the late 1920's they were not free to smoke in many countries, they were threatened with arrest or a fine female educational institutions draconian methods of fighting with Smoking. Around the same time became more powerful and active world movement of the suffragettes who fought for political equality. In this context, Smoking has become a symbol of feminism and equality. A telling story happened in 1929: then, with the support of tobacco companies in new York was the parade, which was attended by dozens of beautiful women, marching with cigarettes in hand. Participants of the demonstration was called cigarettes "torches of freedom". In turn, the tobacco companies advertised their goods, declaring that Smoking helps you lose weight. According to the Ministry of health of the United States, the number of smokers girls aged 18-20 years has tripled in the period from 1911 to 1925 and again tripled to 1939. Now in the world of women smoke less than men, but many studies have shown that women are much harder to quit.
1683. The first attempt to create rules area. In the colony of Massachusetts (the future U.S. state) Smoking is prohibited on the street. Imposed for such violations, fines were spent on the purchase of fire fighting equipment (the reason for the ban were not concerns for people's health, and the risk of fires). Now in many countries taxes on tobacco and smokers go to Fund health programs.
1730. In Virginia (USA) world's first law that establishes the rules of standardization of tobacco. This was done to combat secret export garbage tobacco, which negatively affect the reputation of the Virginia planters and merchants.
1761. Published the first work in which information was gathered about the negative effects of tobacco on human rights. English Dr. John hill spent probably the first clinical study on this topic. He argued that unrestricted use of Smoking tobacco contributes to cancer of the nose.
1790. The first large-scale advertising campaign of tobacco. It was conducted by the American company Lorillard, adorned with all the post office the United States for his posters. Promotion of tobacco campaigns have become the norm with the 1910-ies.
1795. The first work in which the author has linked Smoking and cancer. German physician, inventor, anthropologist and paleontologist Samuel Thomas von Sommering led evidence that pipe Smoking contributes to cancer of the lips.
1776. For the first time in the history of the tobacco problem became one of the causes of the revolution. One of the reasons for the American revolution was the discontent of the American tobacco manufacturers, who are in bondage to the British merchants. Revenues from tobacco sales helped Finance the war with the British Empire. In 1789 the French revolution also had a tobacco component" - the population of France was outraged by the Royal monopoly on tobacco, which made this product extremely expensive. After the overthrow of the monarchy, monopoly was destroyed (later it was restored by the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte). In 1848 antiausterity revolution in Italy also began because of tobacco. In Milan the population defiantly beginning to quit, not to enrich Austria-Hungary, which included a large part of Italy, in Austria-Hungary there were also state-owned tobacco monopoly). Unrest in Milan began after on a city street appeared Austrian soldiers, who smoke cigars. Four days later the rebels inter drove the Austrian troops from the city. For Milan was followed by many other cities of Italy. The Austrians managed to quell the rebellion only two years.
1823. American writer and scholar Clement Moore published the poem ("the Visit of St. Nicholas") as Santa Claus is one of the first literary works on this topic in history. It is significant that the poem Santa Smoking a pipe.
1828. German chemists Ludwig Reimann and Wilhelm Posselt for the first time allocated nicotine. They published a thesis about this alkaloid, calling it a "dangerous poison".
1830-ies. The first in the history of mass anti-tobacco campaign. It started in the United States, and under the flag of struggle with alcoholism. It was demonstrated that chewing and Smoking tobacco cause such thirst that cannot be satisfied with anything except spirits.
1854. In England issued the first patent for a "safe" cigarette " she switched off and can cause a fire.
1860. Launched the industrial production of cigarettes. The first in this business entered the American company Blackwell Tobacco Company started the production of cigarettes under the brand of Bull Durham. Until the 1880's cigarettes were hand-made the first machine for their production in 1876 invented by an American albert hook (in practice was not applied). More successful was his compatriot James Bonsack, the machine is first introduced in 1881, was able to replace the labor 48 people. As a result of these inventions, the cost of cigarettes has decreased dramatically and increased the number of smokers (this indirectly contributed to the invention of the "Swedish" matches).
Before the start of mass production of cigarettes lung cancer met so rarely that many medical textbooks simply not mentioned. However, already at the beginning of the 20th century, lung cancer has become very common disease. Now lung cancer and the planet carries 1.2 million lives, more than breast cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer combined. It is believed that in 90% of cases of lung cancer occur in smokers.
1868. The first anti-Smoking law on transport: the UK Parliament decided to create special cars are non-Smoking.
1881. For the first time shares tobacco company (British Philip Morris) listed on the stock exchange.
1883. American inventor and theatrical impresario Oscar Hammerstein invented a machine for the manufacture of cigars. Interestingly, Hammerstein successfully combined tobacco and theatrical business, the operas he was financed from the sales of tobacco products.
1886. Created the first brand of cigarettes, designed for women. The American company JB Duke began manufacturing cigarettes Cameo. Interestingly, Marlboro cigarettes that Philip Morris is first put on the market in 1924, too, were originally female - they were sold under the slogan "Tender may". Famous cowboys Marlborough" appeared only in 1954. Name Marlboro came from the name of a street in London, which housed the first factory of the company.
1913. The birth of the modern cigarette. The American company RJ Reynolds released a cigarette Camel, which were originally packaged in packs of 20 pieces. Camel were the first cigarettes which had acquired all-American popularity - before consumers prefer local varieties (in almost every major city in the U.S. operated by local manufacturers of cigarettes and cigarettes).
1915. The appearance of the first anti-Smoking slogan (the phrase is attributed to the American biologist Davis starry Jordan): "Because the boy may not have to worry about his future - he has no future ".
1914-1918. Great tobacco war. Tobacco was included in the rations of soldiers of all armies in the world, and no Smoking in the war was very little. American General John Pershing wrote: "in order to win the war tobacco we need as bullets". The first World war led to the fact that fronts returned kuramae generation. To get rid of this habit in peacetime had been extremely difficult. In 1919, a study from the University of Washington showed that among veterans significantly (dozens of times! increased number of cases of cancer of the lung up to the First World of this disease in the United States was rare.
1926. American Lloyd Hughes invented cigarettes with menthol. The recipe he sold the company Axton-Fisher Tobacco, which started to sell cigarettes under the brand Spud Brand.
1927. Invented the first device to combat Smoking. The pioneer was the Austrian Eduard Haas, who began to produce and sell Pez candy was placed in a special dispenser (ironically, it was like a lighter). The experience proved unsuccessful in the end Pez steel candy for children.
1936. A scientific revolution has entered the term "passive Smoking". It has been suggested by the German scientist Fritz Lickint. Previously Lickint statistically proved that people suffering from lung cancer, often are smokers.
Tobacco company (B&W for the first time began to produce cigarettes with filter cigarettes was named Viceroy), who allegedly swallowed half of the harmful substances contained in tobacco smoke. Global expansion filtered cigarettes began only in the 1950s, years before they took no more than 1-2% of the world market. In 1952, attempts were made to produce filters with a basis of asbestos (first received them cigarette brands Kent), but for obvious reasons, asbestos filters lasted long.
1951. At the world Tobacco Congress declared that the world's population spends 3-5% of their income on tobacco products.
1952. For the first time in the history of the journal (American Good Housekeeping) refused to advertise tobacco.
A chain smoker, the king of great Britain George VI died of lung cancer. He was the first celebrity who lost their lives due to addiction to tobacco. In 1999, the British Royal family asked to remove from the packs of cigarettes Benson and Hedges Royal seal and other insignia that adorned them initially.
1953. For the first time (in mice) proved that the products of combustion of tobacco cause cancer. In subsequent years, the governments of several countries have officially recognized the existence of such a connection.
1954. First, the tobacco process. American Ira Lowe filed a lawsuit against the company Philip Morris, accusing her of that from Smoking cigarettes, produced by this company, her husband died. The court refused to satisfy the lawsuit Lowe.
1964. The chief Surgeon of the U.S. (similar to the position of chief physician in many countries of the world) for the first time officially published a report which indicated that Smoking is dangerous to health.
1966. After the great cartoonist Walt Disney (heavy smoker) died of lung cancer, the company that bears his name, made a strategic decision: Smoking will no longer be displayed in the produced films. Thus, the Walt Disney became the first company in the world, which refused the promotion area (a similar policy began its subsidiaries film studios Miramax and Touchstone Pictures).
1967. For the first time in the world in the United States adopted a new concept of TV advertising of cigarettes: TV with such advertising should provide free airtime for statements and videos aimed at combating Smoking.
1971. The United Kingdom became the first country in the world where the law has determined that cigarette packages should contain warning information about the harm that is inflicted to the health of smokers.
1972. First created "light" cigarettes with reduced nicotine content and other hazardous substances (Marlboro Lights). In 2001, the national Cancer Institute, the US officially announced that Smoking "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risk of damage to the health of the smoker.
1981. In Western Europe and the United States, insurance companies have begun to offer discounts for non-clients.
2003. Adopted the framework Convention of the world Health Organization on tobacco control. For four years, ratified by 146 countries of the world. This document became one of the most rapidly adopted worldwide treaties of the United Nations (who is part of the UN).
All in the fight against Smoking!
In 1930-1940-s Nazi Germany for the first time in the history of mankind has conducted a large-scale campaign, the aim of which was to force the Germans to abandon the area. It was then for the first time have been tried many methods currently applied by governments in the fight against Smoking. In particular, in Germany were introduced bans on Smoking in public places and tobacco advertising.
The activity of the German authorities in the fight against tobacco was due to many reasons. Among them were those reasons, which are now encouraged in various ways to restrict the sale and use of tobacco in particular, concerns for the health of the population. It should be added that in this direction the German scientists did, probably the furthest in the world - they are more active just did research on the impact of tobacco on health.
The truth is in the late 1950's-early 1960-ies in both German States (FRG and GDR) Smoking again came into Vogue, and the number of smokers, as well as the number of consumed cigarettes, beginning to grow rapidly.
Another country for a long time, but not always successfully baramasa with Smoking, is the United States. However, despite the unprecedented efforts and a lot of laws designed to make the lives of smokers unbearable, Americans continue to smoke. However, the fight against Smoking gives noticeable results over the last two decades, the habit got rid of at least 50 million people in the US.
Mass combat Smoking in the United States began in the late 1960's, when the scientific and medical establishment has acknowledged that this habit negatively affects human health. Before and after that tobacco companies were actively opposed such verdicts. Revealing the story took place in 1952. Then there was published the report of the famous scientist Arthur little, in which he argued that Smoking cigarettes Chesterfield is not harmful to health (research sponsored by the tobacco company Liggett & Myers). Later, little has chaired the American cancer society and in its subsequent work has shown that cancer is caused by genetic reasons and the negative influence of the environment. In 2001, Philip Morris tobacco company (she was swallowed by the Liggett & Myers) publicly apologized for the report little.
Peak consumption of cigarettes in the U.S. occurred in 1963. After the peak of the 1960s and beginning of the anti-Smoking campaign cigarette production started to decline steadily. Simultaneously decreased the total number of smokers and the number of supercoiling" consuming more than 25 cigarettes a day. Thus, according to the 2007 smoked 19.2% of U.S. adults - a decade ago 24.7%. During this same time, the share of supercoiling decreased from 15% to 4%. A 2007 study showed that 58% of US residents have never tried Smoking.
Now three quarters of American families ban Smoking at home. In 1993, Smoking was banned in 43% of American homes, inhabited by a family. Interestingly, the ban on home Smoking applies to families where there are smokers. In the early 1990-ies smokers did not smoke in 10% of homes, now at 32%.
The reason these changes were not only calls anti-tobacco activists and physicians, but also the actions of the authorities (both Federal and state authorities. To combat Smoking in the United States are used primarily by economic incentives. In public places Smoking is prohibited. Cigarettes are not sold in all stores, they are quite expensive and you can buy them only persons older than 21 years (age of majority), and to purchase tobacco buyer must present their identification card.
While driving in many States are non-Smoking. In the Montgomery County (Maryland) passed the most stringent in relation to smokers the law. He equated tobacco smoke is the most poisonous and dangerous substances like asbestos dust. From this it follows that smoke cigarettes in any way must not cross the boundaries of private property smoker - if the smoke will fly into the window to non-neighbor, the smoker will have to pay a big fine.
Smoking is unprofitable: for example, smokers are much more expensive health insurance and life insurance. In some States, under the threat of huge fines and even dismissal prohibited Smoking in the workplace. This rule knows no exceptions. Even if the head of smokes in his office, his subordinates have the right to complain about it, because even a short stay in the atmosphere, poisoned by nicotine adversely affects their health. Across the country since 2010 non-state employees will receive a much more favorable conditions of social security than their counterparts-smokers. The situation with officials usually just repeats the General trends that exist in American business.
The main emphasis of the anti-tobacco campaign is on the younger generation of Americans. There are three main reasons. First, Smoking is the most negative impact on the health of adolescents. Secondly, Smoking is considered the first step for admission to alcohol and drugs. Smokers adolescents aged 12-17 years 15 times more likely than their non-Smoking peers, drink alcoholic beverages, 100 times more likely to smoke marijuana and 32 times more likely to use cocaine. Thirdly, starting to smoke at a young age, the man is extremely difficult to abandon this habit: eight out of ten smokers in the United States have started Smoking before 18 years of age. Some success are: each year the number of underage Smoking decreases.
And finally, a few more interesting facts... its destructive effects on the human body, Smoking is superior to factors such as lack of physical activity (14%), alcohol (6%), infections (5%), environmental pollution and poisoning (about 3%), firearms (about 2.7%), traffic accidents (just over 1%) and drug abuse (1%). On average, male smokers shorten their lives by 13.2 years, and women smokers by 14.5 years. Smoking causes one out of every five deaths.
According to the materials of the Agency Washington ProFile
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