In any organization, we would not have worked, whatever position is not occupied all we have to communicate with colleagues, build relationships, constantly adapting to other people. And if the majority of colleagues we manage relationships assemble though not without difficulties, but pretty consistently and effectively, with one person - the situation is quite different. This person is our boss.About the chefs come up with anecdotes and legends, develop rules for their "enchanting" and ways to "neutralize" their fear, love, hate... They don't understand. Who is he Your boss and that you can learn to communicate with him?
First main rulethat you want to remember - the head of any rank man. Man is inherent to any other person strengths and weaknesses of personality, weaknesses and flaws, worries, joys, quirks. Let's begin to look at the boss as a person and try to behave accordingly.
The second rule and too basic. Chef, of course man, however, people in positions of power. The chef is the person who is directly subordinate to the people, the collective. The main activity of the chef - manual. Leadership is an activity, based on the authorities and aimed at ensuring an orderly, purposeful work in collective. Your boss, like any other inherent to a specific individual leadership style. The leadership style is mediated by personal characteristics specific head set uses methods of leadership. And the manual is a set of techniques used by the Director for the effective performance of its functions. Individual leadership style consists of two variables: the set of standard techniques, management practices and the combination of the personal, character qualities of the leader. In other words, the kinds of individual leadership style may be infinitely many, as infinitely many chefs.
The third rule - additional. Find out what kind of person Your boss, examine his character. Understand that the head of Your boss, examine his leadership style. Build relationships with the boss, given its characteristic features and peculiarities of the style of his leadership.
Rules are rules, and how to live by these rules? How to learn to understand, to feel, to suffer, to love chef?
We will first try to resortsa what kind of character for the boss. And it's not good at it or bad. The question is, what personality traits Your boss it is important to consider to establish positive business relationships.
A person's character is formed throughout life since a very early age. The basis of any nature is temperament. In the process of interaction of human temperament with the environment from some of the nature specified quality are under conscious control, mitigated, offset, while others are enhanced, sharpened.
The doctrine of the temperaments dates back to very ancient times. Differences in body Constitution and in the nature of man the ancients explained the predominant influence of one of the four world elements: earth, water, fire and air. The influence of the earth, personified him cold, attributed the formation of phlegmatic temperament, fire is a symbol of vehemence - influenced temperament sanguine, water was attributed to the creation of a melancholy temperament, and finally air - gall.
Hippocrates is considered the first scientist zagovorili about temperament. This wise man and the Supervisory physician in the second century BC, divided mankind into four types, putting them in dependence on the prevalence in the body one way or another liquid: blood (sangue), black bile (melancholia), yellow bile (Galea) or white liquid (phlegm). Therefore, Hippocrates believed, some character sanguine (active, cheerful), others melancholy (pessimistic, impressionable and vulnerable), third choleric (unstable, impulsive, nervous), and fourth-phlegmatic (calm, slow).
"Temperament" by Hippocrates is a "mix" different life "juice" in this or Noah proportions. In those days, (II century BC) was considered a sacrilege opening of the body, so the idea of the human body was in the literal sense of the word surface. The prevalence in humans one way or another liquid, as well as their different combinations and give a certain type of temperament. By the way, the word "temperament" is translated from Greek as "mix accordingly".
There are many theories of temperament - Hippocrates, Galen, Kant, Lesgaft, Kretschmer, Sheldon, Guildford and other generally accepted in the present theory is based on the teachings of I. P. Pavlov about the properties of the nervous system. The views of scholars of the past, we are interested to the extent of how well they describe the appearance of man in accordance with a certain type of temperament. Indeed, in order to determine the temperament of the boss we can't ask him to fill out a psychological test or to subject him to a series of experiments. It remains to rely on external signs.
Definition of types of temperament external characteristics of the owners cared researchers for a long time. For example, the ancient thinkers were found phlegmatic temperament of the white color face, soft body, slow gestures, voice and gait, and sanguine temperament was associated with a rosy complexion, muscle rigidity, lively gait, gestures, rapid speech. Yellowish complexion meant a melancholic nature, characterized as a pessimistic, intellectual (or intuitive). People will prevail, and hence the vanity differed, according to the ancient, dark faces, gestures and measured gait. This convex facial features meant people with phlegmatic and sanguine temperament, and concave features - intelligent and strong-willed.
Th. Bourdon gave the following types of temperament depending on the external appearance of their holders:
Mnogokratnyi (or sanguine) temperament is more common in those who live in pleasure, without much labour and care, strong anxiety. Those who have dominated this temperament, are full face, cvetushiy paint, fresh and bright red lips, well-spaced teeth. Their hair blond or light brown and usually thick and wavy, his eyes are almost always blue, expressing mirth and the propensity for pleasure. This type, according to Th. Bourdon, the most common among military - they malovrazumitelnye, but "active and resolute;
Nervous (or melancholy) temperament serves as a contrast to the previous type. The owner of such temperament face pale, sometimes yellow, sunken cheeks, thin lips, eyes, usually dark, hair dark and not thick, look smart and slim, movement damn fast. The General expression of their faces thinking and serious or evil and cunning - it shows the connection of the mind and bitterness. But what particularly distinguishes the people of nervous temperament, it is their excessive sensitivity. This type of temperament owns most of the writers and scientists, and people predisposed to contemplative and thoughtful life;
Gall (or choleric) temperament is different sharpness and rigidity features, eyes alive, look solid, the lower lip is often thrown forward. People of this temperament are more likely to have a person dark or yellowish, hair thick and hard; the most common facial expression shows arrogance and hardness, and sometimes cruelty and violence. Man such a composition is capable of the greatest crimes and the highest virtue. Among the representatives of this temperament are most often meet people, designed to manage and control their own kind;
Lymphatic (or phlegmatic) temper characteristic of people with face pale, delicate eye color, but without the sparkle and vivacity; inflated lips, especially the upper teeth are often incorrectly; or chestnut brown hair rare and smooth, and on the chin barely exist; the skin is white and soft, all the features as if erased, and face almost nothing expresses in addition to lethargy and passionlessness. People of this temperament are often inactive and timid. The slightest labour tired of them, even the most insignificant obstacle worries and pain. They seek only peace and not always able to any bold enterprise. Often inclined to corpulence.
However, giving the characteristics of the main types of human addition, Th.The PC noted that in reality they are very rarely presented as clearly as described. They almost never depart so far from each other: their shapes and colors are subject to endless mutual combination, and because there are many mixed temperaments that are involved and the benefits and disadvantages of the four described more fictional than real.
Despite the well-known conventional relationship of temperament and characteristics of some of the characteristics of the external appearance of the person, current studies still confirm the possibility of "knowing" certain temperaments of facial features of their respective owners. Thus, the psychologist C. Th.Kulikov developed modern morphology of temperament types, which can be used in visual psycho-diagnostics. In accordance with her sanguine inherent: polished tip of the nose, goonaratne eyebrows, nose, without indentations, raised the tip of the nose, the long base of the nose, there is no upper eyelid crease, ascribing nose, deep folds, nasal septum acts, protruding stomach, wide between the eyebrows, pentagonal face, lower lip, inverted lips, small ears.
The choleric has freckles, tilted upper teeth, bright eyes, high skull, narrow eyebrows, blue sclera, one-story forehead, sunken cheeks, small skull, bushy eyebrows, large brush, narrow eyebrows, small eyes, thin eyelids, there are oral "furrow".
For phlegmatic characteristic lifted the tip of the nose, short hair, nose below the pupil, a thick nose, cylindrical teeth, a nose without a bump, soft ears, Cup-shaped nails, concave hair line, triangular lobe.
Among the traits characteristic of the melancholic, you can select the oval skull, protruding ears, bulging mouth slit, no fronto-nasal angle, verhnovodjane incisors are missing, bimodal tragus, probed the occiput, narrow ears, short nails, protruding horizontal profile of the face, high nose bridge.
How to determine the type of temperament of a particular person? To do this, first of all you should make sure (in particular, on the basis of the observation of external behavior) in varying intensity he has such features, like:
a) the activity is judged by the degree of energetic people committed to the new, trying to influence our surroundings and change
it, to overcome the obstacle;
b) emotionality judged by sensitivity to the emotional influences on the propensity to find occasions for emotional reactions. Indicative of the ease with which the emotion becomes the driving force behind the actions, and the speed with which the change from one emotional state to the next;
C) characteristics motor skills, manifested in the speed, sharpness, amplitude and other characteristics of muscle movements (some of which characterize the speech and motor skills). By the way, this side of the manifestations of temperament are more easily amenable to monitoring and evaluation.
Choleric
- Unbalanced behavior
- Strong, short-lived emotional experiences
The mood is unstable with a predominance of vigorous
Is it a loud, sharp, uneven
Patience is weak
- Adaptation good
- High sociability
- Aggressive behavior
- Attitude to criticism excited
- Passionate uvlekayuschiesya behavior
- Positive attitude towards the new
- Against the dangers of combat, risky, without much calculation
- The pursuit of goals strong, with full return
Significant overestimation of their abilities
- Moderate suggestibility and mistrust
Sanguine
- Well-balanced behavior
- Shallow, short-lived emotional experiences
- The mood is stable, cheerful
Is it loud, live, smooth
- Patience moderate
- Adaptation good
- Sociability uniform
Peace - loving behavior
- Attitude to criticism calm
- Energetic (business) or talkative behavior
- Indifference to the new
- Attitude to risk prudently, without much risk
- The desire fast achievements with the avoidance of obstacles
Some overestimation of their own abilities
- Small suggestibility and mistrust
Phlegmatic
- Perfectly balanced behavior
Weak emotional experiences
- The mood is stable, without great joys and sorrows
Is it monotonous, slow
Patience is a very large
- Adaptation slow
- Low sociability
- Sergianist behavior
- Attitude to criticism indifferent
- Behavior tireless worker
- Towards the new negative
- Against the dangers cool, unflappable
The goal of slow, persistent
- More realistic assessment of their abilities
-Weak suggestibility and intelnet
Melancholic
- Very unbalanced behavior
Deep and lasting emotional experiences
The mood is unstable with a predominance of vigorous
- It is quiet, with constriction
Patience is very weak
- Adaptation difficult
- Low sociability
- Indignation and care of any difficulties
- Attitude to criticism touchy
- Uneven, reactive (as a response to the activity of the other) behavior
Optimistic attitude is replaced by a pessimistic and Vice versa
- Anxious, confused, depressed against the dangers
- The pursuit of goals that strong, then weak, avoiding obstacles
- More likely to underestimate their abilities
Most suggestibility and mistrust
Modern research has shown that innate, natural due to the individual characteristics of a person indirectly affect his professional choice and form inherent individual style of activity. Therefore, the leadership style that is inherent to your boss directly linked to this temperament. As we have said above leadership styles in abundance. However, a tireless scientists here have found a way of classifying them.
For starters, try to determine the achievement of any goal hitting Your head. Depending on the purpose it is inherent in any business or bureaucratic style.
Business style
- this style, when the head is oriented towards the main, the ultimate goal of the team. You can highlight the main features of the business style Handbook:
focus on the ultimate goal of the activities of the team;
the desire to find the shortest and best way to achieve the goal;
rapid decision-making;
independent thinking, initiative and creative approach;
the ability for flexible operation, until the abolition of the earlier decisions;
the desire for simplification of authority throughout the hierarchical ladder;
focus on a broad-minded and all-round competence of subordinates.
Council: If your boss is inherent in business management style, of course, you're in luck. Of course, if you come to work and not to gossip with friends, knitting the last pattern sweater or solve crossword puzzles. Take an example from his boss. Learn from it to see prospects and to find the means to achieve the goals. Think, look, taste. Don't be afraid to make mistakes, but be prepared to take responsibility for the oversight and self-correct. Help colleagues and ask for their help. Raise their professional level. Share acquired knowledge with others. Be ready to accept any changes suggested by the chef, but if you doubt their usefulness boldly and convincingly report their concerns. Learn not only to be a good performer, but also a capable leader.
In contrast to the business management style is the style bureaucratic.
Bureaucratic style is the style where the head is targeted at secondary, intermediate objectives and clearly sees the main goal. For example, instead of business, organized scientific work Director finds facts that can justify the shortcomings in the work.
Consider some stereotypical techniques bureaucratic leadership style.
Bureaucratic setup of the head and advice to staff as to adapt
Install on "General organization": the most bureaucrat afraid initiatives and "Amateur" subordinates, considering correct only those actions that were already approved by him or upstream guide.
Council: Never speak openly with new proposals and plans. If you want to make changes in the work, build the phrase starting it like this: "At the last meeting before our Department was given the task.... Taking into account the requirements (requirements) you.... " or "As You have repeatedly stressed Sergey S..... In accordance with Your instructions we have done....".
Setting pseudoisocyanine: bureaucrat just in case even able to position itself as an innovator, but his "creativity" comes to unsubstantiated claims and promises. The real situation is not changed. The bureaucrat himself does not show the truth of the initiative and prevents it from subordinates.
Council: Use the recorder or even a video camera at meetings and letucce Your boss. Immediately after the meeting saprocollite and make a few copies of the proceedings. All protocols let's signature boss. Carefully record and save protocols. Periodically all the Department prepare for the seemingly sudden checking of senior management. As a result of your joint efforts boss will either be less promise, or will be forced to implement their projects.
Setting the "vane" - tactic bureaucrat, is to rely on the opinion of their superiors, which is the highest criterion, a measure of the effectiveness of any activity.
Council: Always try to focus in the plans and project manual. In advance be prepared to provide your boss's request development (information, materials, etc.,) which meet the needs of senior management.
Blind faith in the rationality once created organizational structures and forms. The bureaucrat is afraid of innovations and changes to the old system. For him the main thing is to follow the instructions and regulations.
Council: Thoroughly learn all job descriptions, safety instructions, memoranda, etc., Try not to disturb them. Demonstrate a willingness to follow rules and regulations. Openly Express dissatisfaction with the prevailing chaos in the neighboring Department.
The next thing you should do is determine what methods of influence (individual or group) on the child prefers your boss. Preference sole or collective ways characterizes the three styles of leadership: authoritarian (strict methods of control, suppression, or whose initiatives and discussions, decisions, democratic collegiality, promote initiatives and so on), anarchic (negative control, elimination from the manual).
Authoritarian
style characterized by excessive centralization of power and the tendency to administrative management, autocratic resolve most issues without prior discussion with the team. Addressing vnutrikorkovoj life, the head of an authoritarian type is not with the opinion and wishes of subordinates in a timely and objectively not inform them about the situation, especially when difficulties arise. This head deliberately limits contacts with subordinates at work and outside of it. He rarely smiles, likes to joke and does not accept or does not understand the jokes of others. It highlights the huge employment and responsibility. In dealing with subordinates in an authoritarian leader is dominated by authoritative notes, he will not accept comments, denials of statements subordinates his own opinion.
The authoritarian leadership style is not conducive to the creation of the team healthy psychological climate, creative environment.
There is an opinion that the head should always be harsh and it should be afraid. At first glance it seems that in a team environment where subordinates are afraid of the head, there is an iron discipline. However, often this is just an illusion. The staff works diligently or pretend only in the presence of the head.
The formation of the authoritarian leadership style is due to such characteristic features of the heads as communicability, isolation, suspicion, lust for power, the tendency to exaggeration, ambition, anxiety.
Among the objective reasons for the existence of leaders of the authoritarian style can be identified such as congestion of the head, the constant need to make decisions in conditions of lack of time, lack of scientific organization of managerial work experience of collective decision-making.
It should be noted that there are circumstances when the use of an authoritarian style of leadership is justified and necessary. For example, the lack of collective elementary discipline, emergency, sudden crisis, etc., However, the establishment of normal conditions it is necessary to move towards democratic governance.
Council: Don't argue and don't argue with authoritarian boss. Be consistent, balanced, purposeful, Executive. Listening carefully and remember the instructions of the chef. Do not ask. Avoid jokes and irony. Try to do the work on time and on a given form. If you do not have time to deal with the task in advance inform the chef about the backlog in the work (it is better to add a written explanation stating the reasons of non-fulfillment of the plan). Learn to write and write without reminders explanatory notes for all violations of job descriptions, routine or inaccuracies in the work. Avoid clutter, sparseness, inaccuracy, inconsistency. If you learn to listen, hear and understand his boss very soon you quite like to work under him. For your boss you like a stone wall.
Democratic style
guide. For leader-Democrat, seeks to impose on the General discussion more issues. Only after thorough discussion, the leader makes a decision, shall issue an appropriate order or orders and demands of their execution. Democratic leadership style is characterized by delegation of authority, distribution of managerial decision-making among most employees.
The head of the democratic type to constantly inform subordinates about the real situation, about the challenges, objectives, intermediate objectives. It adequately responds to criticism of subordinates in his address, always seeking the establishment of a smooth, friendly relations with subordinates, never emphasizes his elevated position. Supports and stimulates the initiative of subordinates.
Tip: If you are an Executive, but not proactive; attentive but not resourceful; assembled, but not decisive - quite possibly the chief Democrat tires or even annoy you. Learn to find joy in the new, do not be afraid of change and change. Don't hide the thoughts that sometimes still come to your mind. Be creative, try, learn. Feel the pleasure not only from completed tasks, but also from talking with colleagues. Smile. Don't skimp on the praise and restrain criticism. Learn not only to abide by the instructions, but also to make decisions. Take on responsibility.
Free style
leadership differs in that the head is always engaged in other things, and the work of the team leaves to chance. Head-liberal as the official occupies a definite place in the official organizational structure, however, does not interfere or almost does not interfere in the activities of their subordinates. Their primary responsibility of this Manager sees only to provide subordinates with information necessary for their work. This head is rarely in direct contact with subordinates, work does not distribute (as a rule, for it is done deputies or assistants). His instructions are usually General, declarative. Subordinates can communicate on abstract topics. The leader of the liberal rewards or punishes the subordinate on the initiative of the senior management.
Council
: Note - all, always and everywhere must do this yourself! Never ask the chef questions, requests, complaints, suggestions, advice, compliments, criticism, etc. don't bother the boss at all. Learn to make your own decisions and to implement them. But their luck is better to be silent. Better not to stand out against other employees. Work, think, be silent and wait for a new chef. Or change jobs.
Typically the last and the most important thing. Love and take care of the boss, whatever it was. But do not forget about yourself only.
Author:
Vasil'chenko O., candidate of psychological Sciences
Source:
Women's club
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