By the end of the XX century in psychological science there are two related but not identical areas of research - psychology of sex differences and gender psychology.In the first direction classic is the work of E. E. Maccoby and K. N. Jaclyn. They reviewed publications (about 5 thousand), which were the results of the comparative characteristics of men and women in different areas. Has identified about 300 differences and applied factor analysis.
Significant differences in psychological characteristics can be distinguished only by 4 attributes:
Women outperform men on verbal abilities
- Boys and men are superior in spatial abilities
- Boys and men are superior in mathematical abilities
Men are more aggressive.
In 1990. He Cramped with colleagues, analyzing accumulated by this time, the data on sex differences, added 2 properties:
In women above the level of anxiety
- Women have higher rates of neuroticism and subjective (psychosomatic)
disorders.
In addition, there are still differences at the level of the trend.
Women's locus of control is largely external, and the men inside.
- Machiavellism higher in men.
- Women score higher expectations of failure
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When the gender approach is defined gender identity and examines characteristics such as masculinity and femininity.
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Sex differences in understanding and communicating
Men better understand the features associated with the subject-object interaction. Allocate more cognitive, intellectual side.
Women secrete interpersonal relationships, empathic moments. Women better understand volitional qualities and characteristics that reflect respect for others.
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Often in interaction in communication men and women violated understanding. This is due to the fact that men and women have different understanding of different things.
Men and women have different understanding of justice. Men - this equality and the promotion and punishment. Women always take into account the circumstances in which the individual falls. Trying to find excuses.
Men focused on the possession of information, freedom of action and independent judgment. Women seek psychological proximity, the realization that their life is closely linked with the life of another.
Men and women communicate differently related to tips: for men to consult to limit freedom, to show that you depend on for women to increase strength.
Different logic: the tendency of men to rely on generalized conclusions, women on specific examples from personal experience. Communication many women as arguments cite personal examples, logic is based on personal experience, the integration of the experience of others.
Different focus of interest. Men are interested in information about facts and events, women's interest in the emotions, the feelings of others. In psycholinguistics: men and women in conversation orientation on different layers of the conversation. Style hearings men at the information level, and women on meta-levels (relations).
Men in communication tend to focus on content and direct conclusions, and women in search of indirect conclusions, implications, and meanings.
Gender differences
When conducting gender studies, initially conducting a study of gender identity - role positions that people occupy in communication regardless of gender. There are people with a predominance of masculine traits, feminine, androgynous (pronounced both traits), polonizirovannaya (both traits are not expressed).
Differences in value orientations: masculinity, independence, social success, high achievement, femininity, love, family, human relationships.
The prevailing view is that gender identity is not a personal quality, role and position of a certain society. There are cultures which valued masculine (competitive attitude and hard work) or feminine (value relations) quality.
Differences in communication
Masculinity - focus on achieving social success, the solution in the pair interaction ignore the needs of the partner. Low appatichnosti and emotion. Engagement strategy dominant, independent and competent type. High self esteem and high social success, 't understand the non-verbal side of communication.
Femininity - focus on creating harmony and balance in communication, strategy, dependent and subordinate type. High capacity for empathy, emotional responsiveness. Good ability to identify and interpret non-verbal behavior. Low self-esteem but high achiever in interaction in the interpersonal realm.
The optimal are androgynous. Focus on the balance between the spheres of achievement and interpersonal relationships. Strategy competent and friendly type. Self-esteem adequate. There is a correlation between gender and identity, but it is special - no Yaro pronounced communications: there is a negative correlation between the floors in women and masculinity, and meaningful connection with femininity is not.
Gender studies
Renee Edwards, 1998, the influence of gender, gender role and value to the interpretation of the message.
Feminine subjects identified by the word care or support, and masculine control. Masculine all the time thinks that controls the situation. Hypothesis: masculine are more likely than women will be the same message be interpreted as control and domination and feminine as care and support.
When the experiment was given several situations with different answers. (You have lunch with a few familiar colleague, he talks about the work he carried out the innovations... why do you think he was talking about? ) You need on a seven point scale to Express the degree of agreement with variants of answers: he wanted to crush me intelligence, wanted to help... prefer Masculine responses by type of control, and feminine type of support. Data Milestone: When a man communicates with a woman, the level of control is reduced, compared to fellowship with man. In a pair of woman-woman - scale scores of control is very high.
Source:
the psychological center of the Lumen
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