1. Social laziness
In 1883 the French agronomist Max Ringelmann conducted an experiment on the students of the agricultural College, which proved that working in teams actually makes us lazier than that.
During this experience to a group of people were asked to carry the burden of doing it with a team and independently. The tool attached to the end of the rope, measured efforts. The results showed that the least try those who work in the group. The larger the team, the lazier than that its participants. In a group of eight people, each participant was trying exactly half of their real capabilities. This is proof that the team makes a good employee at work?
2. Thinking outside the box
We have prepared for you a small task, which you can enjoy at your leisure. Before you three boxes. In one candle to another button, and in the third match. Your task is to attach a small candle to the door. Don't ask why, it's just a game.
How do you do it? Of course, use boxes as the candlestick, and the buttons will use as a holder. However, when the German psychologist Karl Duncker suggested that this task their subjects, accomplished by only three people out of seven. In the following experiment, he took all three out of boxes. And then the subjects found the solution quite easily.
Dunker wanted to determine how original we think and perceive the functions of the objects. When things were stored in boxes, this prevented subjects to present them in a new role (for example, the functions of the candlestick).
3. Consequences of insomnia
Experiments with sleep were still in 1894, when a cold-blooded woman doctor Maria Manasinu tortured by insomnia four puppies. The first one died after 96 hours without sleep, turn the latter came after 143 hours. Not content with killing four puppies, Manasinu spent another experience, this time with six puppies. He showed the same results.
Next year the experiment involved people: three men agreed to spend 90 hours without sleep under the supervision of scientists at the University of Iowa. They all started seeing hallucinations already on the second night of wakefulness. After 90 hours of unbearable torment volunteers fell into such a deep sleep that even a strong electric shock could not Wake them.
4. Images, acting on the subconscious
First experiments with the subconscious was conducted in the USA in 1957. Then ambitious market researcher James Vickery invited members of the press to view a short film about fish. During the short film journalists pounced on popcorn and soft drinks, because images from the film allegedly secretly ordered them to do it. The message "drink coke" and "eat popcorn" was displayed on the screen with a duration of not less than 1/24 of a second. The results showed that the sales of popcorn and coke for 6 weeks increased by 57, 5% and 18 1%. Despite the fact that the existence of the 25-th frame is rather controversial.
5. Experiment Stanley Milgram
This is one of the most shocking experiments in the literal sense of the word. Each stage of testing involved two people, and they were supposed to be completely unaware of what they have to do. After meeting with each other and a quick draw, two people went through the different rooms. One was strapped to an electric chair and warned of possible electrical shock, painful, but harmless to the body. Meanwhile, the second man took on the role of "tormentor". He was sitting in front of a microphone and read a number of questions. The wrong answer of the victim was led to the electric shock. With each incorrect response, the voltage was increased.
The testing began, and after a few wrong answers voltage quickly reached "unhealthy" level. When esecutori heard the cries in the next room, many asked the technician if all goes according to plan. They were told that the experiment should continue. And most continued!
After several minutes, the number of wrong answers had reached such a level that the voltage was increased to 375 volts.
More than a thousand volunteers participated in the experiment of Milgram in the 1960 H. it was Found that the majority prefers to blindly obey the authorities, even in cases when following the orders can be harmful.
6. The truth about the beard
In almost all cultures hair on the face is a symbol of wisdom. From childhood we are taught that man with a beard worthy of respect and praise. But is it really? Professor jürgen works conducted a study at the University of Nuremberg-Erlangen. He asked the teachers to wear beards for one semester and to shave them in the beginning of the next. The results of the survey revealed that students were clearly against the beard, claiming that her teachers are kind much less friendly and authoritative, and not intelligent.
7. Christ and the clones
What happens if you leave one room of people who claim that each of them is the Christ? So in 1959 he asked American psychologist Milton Rakic, plots to confuse all three mad.
So, one of these people claimed that he was God, and another said that created God, and the third is that he is the Christ of Nazareth, though, and has nothing to do with men who said if they were his relatives.
The purpose of this experiment was simple: find out what happens when people are confronted with the apparent paradox. Will do they ask new questions about his personality, will it lead to their recovery? Unfortunately, none of the three hypostases of God is not doubted in himself. It is curious that the "gods" did not conflict with each other, despite the obvious differences on the existential level.
8. Experiments crumb albert
Anyone who has read "brave new world" of Aldous, Hackle, familiar ideas artificial "programming" reflexes of a child. It turns out that this idea came psychologist John B. Watson in 1920-ies, when a scientist decided to form a 9-month-old albert's fear of rats. He had what he wanted because he made a sudden and terrifying noises whenever the boy approached the rat. The result of our experience over albert was his persistent phobia in relation not only to the rats, but also to fur, fluffy blankets and small animals. It is unknown what the fate of Alberta after such studies.
9. Telekinesis
In the last century there have been several experiments designed once and for all to establish the boundaries of the mind. The simplest example is the experience on a group of volunteers, who were asked to move look something tiny, like a coin. These experiments revealed a striking focus on success, but it was not supported by objective evidence of the existence of telekinesis.
10. The power of faith and ignorance
Experiments Arthur Ellison, Professor of electrical engineering at University College London, with the human mind could easily be called quackery, if they did not prove how great the importance of faith and ignorance in people's lives.
Allison invited a group of volunteers to make a vase with flowers to levitate. To the surprise of subjects, vase hung over the table. Of course, it was a hoax, and Allison did your focus using powerful electromagnets. Interesting was the reaction of the unsuspecting participants. For example, one woman stated that she saw the gray matter surrounding the vase. However, Professor of physics reacted quite differently. As a prominent scientist she denied the supernatural, and this belief crossed in front of her living fact. It was argued that the vase did not move. "I don't understand what's all this noise, " said she, " vase-it did not take off".
Expert opinion
Vladimir Zinchenko,
doctor of psychological Sciences:
The experiment teaches the mind-the mind of sobriety, protects from paranoia, from utopias... Man is an experimental creature in the square. First, he himself, with the birth of experimenting on yourself, others, the world. Secondly, it is experimental, often the victim of unreasonable, inhumane experiments. It is in this sense a man is artificial (artifact, artefact), because nature doesn't make people, people make themselves. Sometimes leaves much to be desired.
Experiments in science, including psychology, is a game with nature and people. Games similar to the theater of the absurd, as the experiment is the creation of conditions in which life does not happen. Its function is to confirmation or refutation of hypotheses arising on the tip of the "pen theoretical, sometimes smart, sometimes stupid. The beauty of this experiment is derived from intuition, from scientific ideas. "Error in the experiment gives rise to discovery" (Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, the Russian physiologist, founder of the materialistic doctrine of the higher nervous activity). Ethics of psychological experiment derives from the integrity of the researcher. While it should be - from the ethical code, which in our psychology no.
Author:
Ponomarev A.
Source:
Our psychology
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